UNIT+2+-+BioEnergetics

transformations.
 *  **Back to** **WELCOME** **PAGE // >>>>>>>>> // ** Astronomy 7 >>>>>> Science 8>>>>>Biology 9 ||
 * __ASSESSMENT ANCHOR: BIO.A.3 Bioenergetics (18d) __**
 * Anchor Descriptor /Eligible Content **
 * BIO.A.3.1 **Identify and describe the cell structures involved in processing energy.
 * BIO.A.3.1.1 **Describe the fundamental roles of plastids (e.g., chloroplasts) and mitochondria in energy


 * Anchor Descriptor /Eligible Content **
 * BIO.A.3.2 **Identify and describe how organisms obtain and transform energy for their life processes.
 * BIO.A.3.2.1 **Compare the basic transformation of energy during photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
 * BIO.A.3.2.2 **Describe the role of ATP in biochemical reactions.

http://youtu.be/zEgIO9Kq2_Y
 * SECTION 3: PHOTOSYNTHESIS **

//**BIO.A.3.2 **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Identify and describe how organisms obtain and transform energy for their life processes. // //**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">BIO.A.3.2.1 **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Compare the basic transformation of energy during photosynthesis and cellular respiration. // //**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">BIO.A.3.2.2 **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Describe the role of ATP in biochemical reactions. //

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The whole process doesn't happen all at one time. The process of photosynthesis is divided into two main parts.

1) The first part is called the **light dependent reaction and occurs in the thylakoid stacks of the chloroplast**. Water molecules are stripped of their oxygen molecules, and the O2 is released from the plant. A PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION reaction happens when the light energy is captured and pushed into a chemical called ATP.

2) The second part of the process happens when the ATP is used to make glucose (the **Calvin Cycle**) from carbon dioxide and hydrogen. That second part is called the **light independent reaction**. This occurs in the inner space of the chloroplast.

Check this out for help: http://youtu.be/_wO9f3ER17M __** CHECK YOURSELF ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS **__
 * 1) What 3 Kingdoms have photosynthetic organisms?**
 * 2) What is the basic goal of the cellular process of photosynthesis?**
 * 3) What are the raw materials needed for photosynthesis?**
 * 4) How does each get into the leaf?**
 * 5) In what organelle does photosynthesis occur?**
 * 6) Which stage of photosynthesis is LIGHT INDEPENDENT (does not require light) and occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast?**
 * 7) Which stage of photosynthesis is LIGHT DEPENDENT (requires light) and occurs in the thylakoid stacks of the chloroplast?**
 * 8) The main goal of Photophosphorylation stage is to to water; thus, _ is given off as waste during this stage? Then the electrons from this molecular separation are used to make ATP from ADP...this is then used to fuel the next stage called the _ Cycle.**
 * 9) The main goal of Calvin-Benson Cycle stage is to build molecules of** **using the Cs from, the Os from _ and Hs from . This final product is a high energy**.

http://youtu.be/C1_uez5WX1o
 * Photosynthesis Songs: **

http://youtu.be/x-t0sGyjfto

http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab4/intro.html
 * CHROMATOGRAPHY VIRTUAL LAB **

__**SECTION 4: CELLULAR RESPIRATION**__ Interactiver: http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cellresp/intro.html



[]While
 * Cellular respiration: **process by which the chemical energy of "food" molecules is released and partially captured in the form of ATP. Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be used as fuels in cellular respiration, but glucose is most commonly used as an example to examine the reactions and pathways involved.

Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells and is a process of making glucose to STORE energy in basically 2 steps; Cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm then mitochondria and is the process of releasing ATP energy from the glucose molecule with the help of oxygen. It is a THREE step process:


 * 1) Glycolysis**[|Glycolysis] does not need [|oxygen] in any of its steps. It is a [|metabolic pathway] that is found in all living organisms and it probably [|evolved] billions of years ago before the [|Earth's atmosphere] contained oxygen.

>
 * It is the process that converts one molecule of [|glucose] into two molecules of [|pyruvate].
 * It releases energy in the form of two molecules of [|ATP].
 * It takes place in the [|cytoplasm] of the plant or animal [|cell].
 * 2) Krebs Citric Acid Cycle**

> //[|Anaerobic] respiration// doesn't require oxygen. In this process, the pyruvate is only partially broken down.
 * === //[|Aerobic] respiration// requires [|oxygen]. It is the preferred method of pyruvate breakdown. It yields 36 ATP molecules, as well as [|carbon dioxide], and [|water]. This makes for a total gain of 38 ATP molecules during cellular respiration. This takes place in the [|mitochondria] of the cells. ===
 * [|Fermentation] (done by [|yeast] and some types of [|bacteria]) breaks the pyruvate down into [|ethanol], carbon dioxide, and water. It is important in [|bread] making, [|brewing], and [|wine] making.
 * [|Lactic acid fermentation] breaks the pyruvate down into [|lactic acid], carbon dioxide, and water. It occurs in the muscles of animals when they need energy faster than the [|blood] can supply oxygen. It also occurs in some bacteria. It is this type of bacteria that convert [|lactose] into lactic acid in [|yoghurt] giving it it's sour taste.

>
 * Both ethyl alcohol and lactic acid contain chemical energy that can't be used by anaerobic respiration, making this an inefficient process. Anaerobic respiration releases a total of two ATP molecules (compare to the 38 of aerobic respiration).


 * 3) Electron Tra****nsport Chain**

__**AEROBIC RESPIRATION OVERVIEW**__


 * GLYCOLYSIS in the Cytoplasm > Krebs CItric Acid Cycle in Mitochondria's Matrix --> ETC in the mitochondria's Inner Membrane**



Here is an EXTREMELY helpful animation for understanding AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION: http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter25/

__ VIRTUAL LAB: CELLULAR RESPIRATION __ __http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab5/intro.html__

Aerobic Cellular Respiration Poster Checklist

__ **Labels Needed** __
 * o Title, name, date, period
 * o Glycolysis Stage 1
 * o Cytoplasm
 * o Glucose
 * o Pyruvate
 * o 2 ATP in
 * o Mitochondria
 * o Mitochondrial Matrix
 * o Krebs Cycle Stage 2
 * o NAD
 * o FAD
 * o ADP
 * o NADH
 * o FADH2
 * o ATP
 * o CO2 waste
 * o ETC (electron transport chain)
 * o Total net of 36-38 ATP

**STUDY GUIDE FOR BIOLOGY 9 EXAM: CELLULAR ENERGY PROCESSES** **The successful student on this exam will. . .**

**1) Understand the overall process of and formula for photosynthesis including the anatomical parts of an autotroph that make this process possible and the way each of these things plays a role in energy storage: leaf, roots, stomata, chloroplasts, chlorophyll, thylakoids, stroma, photophsporylation, light dependent & independent stages, water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, glucose, starch, Calvin-Benson Cycle, NADP, NADPH, ADP, ATP**

**2) Understand the overall process of and formula for cellular respiration including the anatomical parts of an autotroph that make this process possible and the way each of these things plays a role in energy release: cytoplasm, mitochondria, matrix, inner membrane space, glucose, pyruvic acid (pyruvate), ADP, ATP, Glycolysis, Krebs Citric Acid Cycle, oxygen, carbon dioxide, NAD, NADH, FAD, FADH2, Electron Transport Chain.**

**3) Understand how aerobic respiration differs from fermentation (anaerobic respiration) with respect to steps, products, and amount of ATP produced from one glucose molecule.** **4) COMPARING PHOTOSYNTHESIS to CELLULAR RESPIRATION** **5) How does blocking Sun out for a decade (nuclear winter from, say, an asteroid impact or supervoclanic explosion) eventually lead to mass extinction of large mammals? (Be specific and thorough.)**
 * || --PHOTOSYNTHESIS || -CELLULAR RESPIRATION ||
 * Metabolic reaction type ||  ||   ||
 * Cells that undergo this process ||  ||   ||
 * Organelle(s) where this occurs ||  ||   ||
 * Reactants ||  ||   ||
 * Products ||  ||   ||
 * Waste Gas Produced ||  ||   ||
 * Number of Stages ||  ||   ||
 * "Cycle" Involved ||  ||   ||