UNIT+1+-+Basics+of+Life


 * // > // ** Science 7 >>>>>> Science 8>>>>>Biology I

 Pearson BioCoach: http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/index.html

__KEYSTONE ASSESSMENT ANCHOR BIO.A.1 Basic Biological Principles (9 d)__


 * Anchor Descriptor/ Eligible Content **
 * BIO.A.1.1 **Explain the characteristics common to all organisms.
 * BIO.A.1.1.1 **Describe the characteristics of life shared by all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.


 * Anchor Descriptor /Eligible Content **
 * BIO.A.1.2 **Describe relationships between structure and function at biological levels of organization.
 * BIO.A.1.2.1 **Compare cellular structures and their functions in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
 * BIO.A.1.2.2 **Describe and interpret relationships between structure and function at various levels of biological organization (i.e., organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and multicellular organisms).

** [| Scientific Method] Interactive** ** [|Characteristics of Life] Interactive**
 * [|Biological Hierarchy] Interactive**

**GREAT LINKS:**
 * **Check out Thinkquest's [| The Living Universe].**
 * **View the Java script, [| "The Universe Within,"] that takes you on a trip from the outermost parts of the universe to Earth.**

Observations Inferences Lab Equipment Measurement POHEC Safety
 * Review of Scientific Method**

__CHAPTER 2.1 WHAT IS LIFE? (p. 34)__ http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/martin_hanczyc_the_line_between_life_and_not_life.html

//**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">BIO.A.1.1 **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Explain the characteristics common to all organisms //

__//All life//__ //a)is// //composed of 1 or more cells// //b)has organic chemical composition// //c)metabolizes// //d)////reponds to stimulus/adapts// //e)grows///develops //f)reproduces//

spontaneous generation was refuted by what two famous experiments? Redi Pasteur


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px;">BIO.A.4.2.1 **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px;">Explain how organisms maintain homeostasis (e.g., thermoregulation, water regulation, oxygen regulation).

homeostasis: the balancing of internal mechanisms in cells and organisms (food in/waste out; water in/urine out; oxygen in/carbon dioxide out, etc) http://health.howstuffworks.com/human-body/systems/endocrine/adam-200092.htm

__**Ch. 2.2 (TAXONOMY) Classifying Organisms (p. 42)**__


 * // Section 2: Classifying Organisms(p. 42) DOMAIN_KINGDOM _PHYLUM_CLASS_ORDER_FAMILY_GENUS_SPECIES //**
 * // "__D__aring __K__ids __P__lay __C__hess //__// O //__// utside //__// F //__// or //__// G //__// ood //__// S //__// kills" //**

Study Help: http://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookDivers_class.html

a) taxonomy: classification of organisms b) Who is Carolus Linneaus and what is his role in early biology? c) What is binomial nomenclature? d) define species e) find three different hybrid organisms that exist that are created by breeding two different species to form a new organism (note: a JACKALOPE is not a hybrid as it is not REAL): list their names and describe them. f) What are the 3 Domains under which all life can be placed? Divide the domains up into their proper Kingdoms.



More: http://www.wix.com/lmayo22/biology/page-1#!__page-2__

In the Phylum Chordata (Spinal-Corded organisms), there are several classes of organisms []

__**<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%;">Ch.2.2 Classification Project: CREATE A TAXONOMIC DICHOTOMOUS KEY (due Tuesday September 22) **__ <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%;">Create a dichotomous key that could be used to separate any organism into its proper class in the taxonomic system of organisms.

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%;">1) Use example dichotomous key to understand how it is created as a tool for identifying things. <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%;">2) The key should begin with the three domains then move to the 6 kingdoms, then on to the phyla. The phylum will be the final stage in the key. <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%;">3) Be sure you use proper scientific criteria for each dichotomous question.

<span style="color: #709051; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 30px;">KEYSTONE ASSESSMENT ANCHOR BIO.A.1.2.1 & 1.2.2 Cell Structure & Function

__**Chapter 2, Section 3: Discovering Cells (p. 50)**__

__//**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">BIO.A.1.2.2 **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Describe and interpret relationships between structure and function at various levels of biological organization (i.e., organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and multicellular organisms). //__


 * The basic unit of structure and function of all living things is the cell. Anything less than a cell can never be considered a functioning unit of or an entire organism. **

__** http://www.brainpop.com/technology/scienceandindustry/microscopes/ **__


 * History of the Microscope
 * The Cell Theory
 * The Compound Light Microscope: Parts & Usage

__**Chapter 2, Section 4: Looking Inside Cells (p. 60)**__ __ TYPICAL PROKARYOTIC CELL __ //**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">BIO.A.1.1.1 **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Describe the characteristics of life shared by all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. // //**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">BIO.A.1.2 **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Describe relationships between structure and function at biological levels of organization. // //**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">BIO.A.1.2.1 **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Compare cellular structures and their functions in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. //
 * Section 4 LOOKING INSIDE CELLS **
 * vocab: cell wall, cell membrane, organelles, cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, golgi body, chloroplasts, vacuole, lysosome. **
 * 1) list the role of each vocab term in the functioning cell. **
 * 2) Explain and diagram the major differences between a prokaryotic cell, a eukaryotic plant cell, and a eukaryotic animal cell. **

__vs.__

__ TYPICAL EUKARYOTIC CELLS __

CELL PARTS INTERACTIVES:

http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cells/intro.html

http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP11403



// **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">BIO.A.1.2.2 ** <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Describe and interpret relationships between structure and function at various levels of biological organization (i.e., organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and multicellular organisms). //

** Chapter 2 Test, Fri. Oct 14th: **


 * **Be able to define all vocabulary from the chapter**
 * **Understand what it means to be an organism**
 * **Understand homeostasis**
 * **Be able to determine an organism's Domain & Kingdom**
 * **Know the Taxonomic Hierarchy in order from Domain down to species and how they relate to one another**
 * **Be able to use a dichotomous key**
 * **Know the major events in the history of the microscope**
 * **Know the parts of the microscope**
 * **Know how to use a microscope and how to calculate magnification given the eyepiece and objective powers**
 * **Know how prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells and how animal cells differ from plant and fungi**
 * **Be able to identify the parts and functions of the organelles common to all cells**
 * **Know the hierarchy of functional organization from atom to organism**
 * **Understand the concept of FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION**

CHECK YOURSELF 1) An object from another planet is found to move and change under certain conditions. Based on this information alone, can you tell if it is an organism or not? Explain. 2) A cell is discovered on Mars and after close examination, it has golgi and mitochondria. What is its domain, and how do you know? 3) If the human pancreas detects a rise in blood sugar in the bloodstream after a meal, what homrome is released to maintain homeostasis? 4) If organism A & B are taxonomically identical up to the same family but not genus AND organism C & D share the same taxonomy up to the same class but not order: which pair of organisms is more closely related to one another? 5) Your organism is of the Kingdom Animalia. This is all that is given. What should be the next question that you would ask if you were creating a dichotomous key of Kingdom Animalia? 6) Who discovered the cellulose cell walls left in cork bark? 7) Who observed the first living cells and built a compound microscope? 8) What type of microscope sends electrons down that bounce off of the surface and give a topographic picture of the outer surface of something? 9) Which part of the microscope do you look through? 10) How much magnified is a fly leg that is under a compound light microscope that's eyepiece is 10x and the objective is on medium at 15x? 11) Cells work together to function as a unit called what? 12) If **form follows function** in biology, why does an eagle have a different beak than a duck?

<span style="color: #2a792a; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 25px;">KEYSTONE ASSESSMENT ANCHOR BIO.A.2 The Chemical Basis for Life (21 d) __**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Anchor Descriptor/ Eligible Content **__ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">(e.g., freezing point, high specific heat, cohesion).
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">BIO.A.2.1 **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Describe how the unique properties of water support life on Earth.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">BIO.A.2.1.1 **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Describe the unique properties of water and how these properties support life on Earth

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">organisms.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Anchor Descriptor /Eligible Content **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">BIO.A.2.2 **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Describe and interpret relationships between structure and function at various levels of biochemical organization (i.e., atoms, molecules, and macromolecules).
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">BIO.A.2.2.1 **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Explain how carbon is uniquely suited to form biological macromolecules.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">BIO.A.2.2.2 **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Describe how biological macromolecules form from monomers.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">BIO.A.2.2.3 **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Compare the structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Anchor Descriptor /Eligible Content **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">BIO.A.2.3 **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Explain how enzymes regulate biochemical reactions within a cell.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">BIO.A.2.3.1 **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Describe the role of an enzyme as a catalyst in regulating a specific biochemical reaction.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">BIO.A.2.3.2 **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Explain how factors such as pH, temperature, and concentration levels can affect enzyme f <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px;">unction

__ CHAPTER 3 - CELL PROCESSES & ENERGY __

**Section 1 Vocabulary: atom, molecule, element, compound, organic, macro molecule, monomer, polymer, carbohydrate, lipid, protein, amino acid, enzyme, nucleic acid**

(vocab) specific heat, latent heat of fusion, polar molecule, density, heat of vaporization, cohesion, adhesion, solvent
 * WATER: THE MICKEY MOUSE MOLECULE**:__

//**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">BIO.A.2.1 **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Describe how the unique properties of water support life on Earth. // //**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">BIO.A.2.1.1 **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Describe the unique properties of water and how these properties support life on Earth // //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">(e.g., freezing point, high specific heat, cohesion). //
 * ** Earth is the only planet in our Solar System that has //liquid// water **
 * ** two hydrogen atoms bound to one oxygen atom comprises a water molecule **
 * ** water exists on Earth naturally in all 3 states of matter: //solid, liquid, gas// **
 * ** water is a //polar// molecule; this means that a portion of it is lightly positive and another portion slightly negative in electrical charge **
 * ** because of its polarity, water exhibits a property called cohesion (it likes to stick to itself) and adhesion (it likes to stick to other things) **
 * **water is the UNIVERSAL solvent as it dissolves so many solutes!**
 * **water is a heat sink - it hold its temperature very well due to its high capacity for heat**

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CT4pURpXkbY

__ Chapter 3: Cell Proc. & 'E' __ //**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">BIO.A.2.2.1 **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Explain how carbon is uniquely suited to form biological macromolecules. // //**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">BIO.A.2.2.2 **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Describe how biological macromolecules form from monomers. // //**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">BIO.A.2.2.3 **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Compare the structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px;">organisms. //
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">B//IO.A.2.2// **//<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Describe and interpret relationships between structure and function at various levels of biochemical organization (i.e., atoms, molecules, and macromolecules). //

//<span style="color: #008000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Section 1: Chemical Compounds in the Cell //

http://www.brainpop.com/science/matterandchemistry/bodychemistry/

http://www.brainpop.com/health/nutrition/carbohydrates/

http://www.brainpop.com/health/nutrition/fats/

starches; cellulose || http://www.brainpop.com/health/nutrition/metabolism/
 * ORGANIC COMPOUND || ELEMENTS COMPRISED || FUNCTION IN THE CELL || EXAMPLES ||
 * Carbohydrates || H, C, O || Energy provision || sugars - ex. glucose (C6H12O6);
 * Lipids (Fats) || H, C, O || Storage of energy for future use; cell membranes || saturated, unsaturated ||
 * Proteins ||  ||   ||   ||

http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Organic-Compounds.topicArticleId-8741,articleId-8584.html

NANOTECHNOLOGY! http://www.brainpop.com/science/matterandchemistry/nanotechnology/

ENZYMES http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/E/Enzymes.html //**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">BIO.A.2.3 **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Explain how enzymes regulate biochemical reactions within a cell. // //**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">BIO.A.2.3.1 **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Describe the role of an enzyme as a catalyst in regulating a specific biochemical reaction. // //**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">BIO.A.2.3.2 **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Explain how factors such as pH, temperature, and concentration levels can affect enzyme f <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px;">unction //



__THE UNIQUE CELL MEMBRANE__ __http://www.brainpop.com/science/cellularlifeandgenetics/cells/__

__http://www.brainpop.com/science/cellularlifeandgenetics/cellstructures/__

__http://www.brainpop.com/health/geneticsgrowthanddevelopment/cellspecialization/__


 * __<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16pt;">ASSESSMENT ANCHOR: BIO.A.4 Homeostasis and Transport (14d) __**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Anchor Descriptor/ Eligible Content **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">BIO.A.4.1 **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Identify and describe the cell structures involved in transport of materials into, out of, and throughout a cell.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">BIO.A.4.1.1 **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Describe how the structure of the plasma membrane allows it to function as a regulatory structure and/or protective barrier for a cell.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">BIO.A.4.1.2 **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Compare the mechanisms that transport materials across the plasma membrane (i.e., passive transport—diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion; and active transport—pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis).
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">BIO.A.4.1.3 **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Describe how membrane ‐ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">bound cellular organelles (e.g., endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus) facilitate the transport of materials within a cell.


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Anchor Descriptor /Eligible Content **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">BIO.A.4.2 **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Explain mechanisms that permit organisms to maintain biological balance between their internal and external environments.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">BIO.A.4.2.1 **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Explain how organisms maintain homeostasis (e.g., thermoregulation, water regulation, oxygen regulation).

**http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel/responses_to_environment/homeostasisact.shtml**
no ATP required; moves from high concentration toward low naturally
 * __PASSIVE TRANSPORT__**:
 * simple diffusion
 * facilitated diffusion
 * osmosis



//__**Results of Osmosis on Cells**__//

//**__COMPARING ALL PASSIVE TRANSPORT MECHANISMS__**//

__**ACTIVE TRANSPORT:**__ requires ATP to move items against the concentration gradient from low toward high



Types of Active Transport
 * uniport
 * symport
 * antiport



__**CYTOSIS**__
 * endocytosis
 * pinocytosis
 * phagocytosis


 * exocytosis

__ Assignment 3.2 __
 * Go to BioCoach **** and view these tutorials: **

[|1) Biomembranes I: Membrane Structure and Transport]

[|2) Biomembranes II: Membrane Dynamics and Communication]

3) http://www.occc.edu/biologylabs/Documents/Cells%20Membranes/Cells_Membranes.htm